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{{c1::Nigrostriatal}}: Decreased dopamine, increased movement disorders

TBI {{c1::Secondary Injury}} Cascade of biochemical, cellular, and molecular events, which include both endogenous cere...

DAI classification is based on severity: Grade I : Widespread {{c1::white matter/axonal}} damage but no {{c2::focal ab...

{{c1::hypertension::abnl. vital sign}} is frequently observed post-TBI: Estimated incidence 11% to 25%

Agitation Usually lasts 1 to {{c1::14}} days but can last longer

DAI classification is based on severity: Grade II : Widespread white matter/axonal damage, and {{c1::focal}} findings,...

CDC The 1st most common cause of TBI -related hospitalizations are {{c1::falls}} (52%) and the 2nd most common cause...

Parenteral Feeding Intravenously delivered nutrition, usually through a central venous line, or, in limited circumstance...

Paroxsysmal Autonomic Instability (PAI aka PSH) 3 Sy / 2 phys-ex {{c1::HTN}} {{c1::tachycardia}} {{c1::hyperthermia}...

ICP MGMT use of steroids {{c1::is not::is/is not}} recommended. based on the {{c2::CRASH}} trial

Severity of TBI based on LOC Severe: {{c1::> 24 hours}}

Concussion Categorization A consensus statement following the International Sports Concussion Conference in Zurich deve...

Antipsychotic medications can potentially cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome (sy: {{c2::fever}} , {{c2::leukocytos...

Severity of TBI based on LOC Moderate: {{c1::30min}} to {{c2::24 hours}}

{{c1::CN I }} injury is the only CN neuropathy present in mild TBI

Mechanisms of TBI secondary injury {{c1::cerebral edema}}: occurs {{c3::later::early/late}} due to an increase in br...

Minimally Conscious State Patient shows minimal but {{c6::definite}} evidence of self or exhibits environmental awarene...

GCS score 8 to 10: Moderate or good recovery in 70%

Loss of {{c1::corneal-blink}} and {{c1::oculo-cephalic}} brain-stem reflexes are indicative of a severe TBI

Seizure Prophylaxis Greatest risk of development of PTS in the first {{c1::2 years::long term}} postinjury Phenytoin and...

Post traumatic seizure

Acute TBI and the resulting increase in {{c1::muscle tone}} cause a state of hypermetabolism

FACTORS THAT MAY INCREASE ICP {{c1::Turning head}} {{c2::Loud noise}} {{c3::Vigorous PT}} {{c4::Chest PT}} {{c5::Suctio...

Concussion Return to Play (RTP) In the Graduated Return to Play Protocol, the athlete can only proceed to the next level...

When a TBI pt becomes agitated it is important to {{c1::clearly identify the behvior}}

TBI Primary Injury {{c1::coup contra coup*}} {{c2::Contusions (Bruising of the cortical tissue)}} {{c3::Diffuse axonal i...

GCS score 8 to 10: Moderate or good

Second Impact Syndrome Results from a person sustaining {{c1::a 2nd brain injury}} before {{c2::symptoms of a prior conc...

Concussion Return to Play (RTP) Generally, each step should take at least {{c1::24 hours}}, thereby resulting in at leas...

Hypothalamic Pituitary Dysfunction Ghigo et al. (2005) have suggested an algorithm for the evaluation and treatment of ...

SDH chronicity Subacute SDH: Those between {{c1::3 days}} and {{c1::3 weeks}}

TBI Common Location of contusions include {{c1::inferior-frontal lobe}} and {{c1::anterior-temporal lobe}}

PT Hydrocephalus symptoms: {{c1::HA}} {{c2::vomiting}} {{c3::confusion}}

METHODS USED TO MONITOR ICP {{c1::Papilledema}} {{c2::CT}} {{c3::Lumbar puncture*}} {{c4::Intraventricular ICP monitor}...

{{c1::diaschisis}} (TBI recovery mechanism) damage to one region of the CNS that produces altered function in uninjur...

Second Impact Syndrome Incidence of second impact syndrome is unknown and likely underreported, but studies suggest mor...

{{c2::Neuronal regeneration}} or {{c1::neuronal (collateral) sprouting}}: component of plasticity Intact axons establish...

TBI Agitation Medication management: Maintenance with {{c1::anticonvulsants::class}} {{c1::beta-blockers::class}} {{c1...

of all patients who have PTS {{c1::50}}% will have only 1 seizure {{c1::25}}% have no more than 3 episodes "

Epilepsy: In a nontraumatic setting is a condition characterized by recurrent, at least {{c1::2}} , seizures that are ...

{{c1::Focal Injury}} Localized damage in the brain occurring immediately after TBI and easily visualized by CT or MRI - ...

Pupillary reaction to light : {{c1::50}}% of patients with reactive pupils after TBI achieve moderate disability to good...

Uncal herniation of the medial temporal lobe produces: Stretching of {{c1::CN 3}} {{c5::Ipsilateral}} hemiparesis due t...

Glasgow–{{c1::Liege}} scale: proposed the addition of the brainstem reflex scale to the GCS. Fronto-orbicular reflex (o...

Agitated Behavior Scale ( ABS ): Designed for {{c1::serial assessment}} of agitated patients Ratings are based on beh...

Hypothermia may be used to ↓ ICP and it may protect brain tissue by lowering {{c1::cerebral metabolism}} Marion et ...

Decerebrate posture: There is {{c1::extension}} of the upper extremities and {{c1::extension}} lower extremities

SDH chronicity Chronic SDH: Lesions >{{c1::3 weeks}}

Environmental Management of Posttraumatic Agitation Reduce the level of stimulation in the environment {{c1::Remove noxi...