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90% of patients

the term {{c1:: persistent vegetative state}} (redefined by the Multi-Society Task Force on PVS, 1994 ) is still cur...

TBI sedation {{c1::Barbiturates::class}} can be used to induce a coma and decrease the metabolic requirements of the br...

Post traumatic seizure {{c1::5}}% of hospitalized TBI patients (closed-head injury) have late PTS. {{c1::5}}% of hospita...

Mechanisms of TBI 2 0 injury include the following 1. {{c1::Ischemia}} 2. {{c2::excitotoxicity}} 3. {{c3::cerebral swel...

Severity of TBI: Moderate TBI: GCS score {{c1::9}} to {{c1::12}}

CN VII (FACIAL NERVE) The facial nerve innervates the following four components : {{c1::Tactile sensation ~external ear}...

Concussion Return to Play (RTP) following rest from acute symptoms (24-48h) Graduated Return to Play Protocol From the F...

Mechanisms of TBI secondary injury {{c1::cerebral swelling}}: (occurs {{c4::early [w/in 24 hours]}}) due to an incre...

CN1 most often damaged by blunt head trauma due to tearing of the olfactory nerve filaments in the {{c1::cribriform pl...

Environmental Management of Posttraumatic Agitation tolerate {{c1::restlessness}} when possible

TBI Laboratory Studies: beyond CBC, ABG, CMP {{c1::ETOH and drug::2 }} screens can provide useful data

TBI Age distribution is {{c1::bimodal::epidemiology}}

Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome TREATMENT {{c1::Hydration/fluid replacement}} + {{c1::electrolyte (Na + ) correction}}

Indications for Continuous Monitoring of Intracranial Pressure and for Artificial Ventilation 1. Patient in coma (GCS <8...

Currently, there are no guidelines dictating how soon a feeding tube should be placed or the optimal location of tube p...

Post-traumatic Amnesia PTA correlates strongly with the length of coma (and with GOS ) in patients with {{c1::DAI:: ...

Levels of Cognitive Function Scale ( Ranchos ) has {{c1::lower::higher/equal/lower}} validity and reliability than th...

DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS Coma Awake: {{c1::No}} Aware: {{c1::No}}

Neuropathology of vegetative state (VS) Related to {{c1::diffuse cortical injury}} Bilateral {{c2:: thalamic}} lesions a...

PENETRATING HEAD INJURIES Focal or focal and generalized seizures occur in the early phase of the injury in {{c1::20}} ...

GCS score 5 to 7: Death or VS in 50%

Treatment of Post-traumatic Agitation Consider possible differential diagnosis : {{c1::Drug withdrawal}} {{c2::Deliriu...

{{c1::Rhythmic eye movements::ocular finding}} might indicate a seizure in TBI

Predicting outcomes TBI JFK Coma Recovery Scale (CRS) {{c1::>::>/=/<}} Disability Rating scale

The American Congress of Rehabilitation ( Giacino et al., 1995 ) defined Concussion (mild TBI) as a traumatically induc...

{{c1::Resolution of PTA}} clinically corresponds to the period when, incorporation of ongoing daily events occurs in th...

TBI treatment {{c1::Sensory stimulation}}: all five senses addressed one at a time, in specific therapy sessions and/or...

Majority of PTS are {{c1::simple}} {{c1::partial}} (seizure type) meaning the patient is {{c1::conscious}}

parasympathetic (peripheral) components. DM Ischemia: pupil sparing Uncal herniation: ipsilateral weakness / coma PCA a...

TBI Marital status: {{c1::Not married}} (68%)

Long-term use of {{c1::phenytoin::AED}} has been reported to have adverse cognitive effects and neurobehavioral effects...

{{c1::Impact depolarization}}: Massive surge in extracellular {{c2::potassium::ion}} and {{c2::glutamate::NT}} release ...

TBI acute evalualtion Fever, hyperglycemia, and seizures can worsen {{c1::cerebral edema}} by ↑ {{c1::ICP}}

Ethyl alcohol (ETOH) use is clearly related to TBI. Alcohol is detected in blood in up to {{c1::85}}% of TBI patients

{{c1::DAI}} is the leading cause of morbidity in TBI including impairments in: cognition, behavior, arousal, and coma

Coma can last {{c1::2}} to {{c1::4 weeks}} for people who do not emerge

and moderate or good recovery in {{c2::35}}% "

When ICP >{{c1::40}} mmHg, there is neurological dysfunction and impairment of the brain’s electrical activity An ICP >{...

{{c1::ventriculomegaly::hydrocephalus/ventriculomegaly}} is common after severe TBI (40%–72%)

Duration of PTA moderate TBI > {{c1::1 day }} and < {{c1::7 days }}

Sedation TBI {{c1::propofol infusion}} provides same CNS depression as barbiturates {{c2::does::does/does not}} cau...

Severity of TBI: Severe TBI aka {{c2::coma}}: GCS score {{c1::3}} to {{c1::8}}

Treatment of d/o of consciousness Preventive therapeutic interventions may be implemented : Manage {{c1::bowel}} and {{c...

The period of PTA is defined as the number of days beginning at {{c1::the end of the coma}} to the time the of {{c1...

Plasticity occurs via two mechanisms... 1.) {{c1::unmasking}} 2.) {{c2::Neuronal sprouting}}

{{c1::Synaptic Alterations}} (TBI recovery mechanism) Includes diaschisis and increased sensitivity to neurotransmitter ...

Decerebrate posture etiology: lesions to... {{c1::midbrain}} {{c1::cerebellum}} {{c1::posterior fossa}}

brain edema: {{c1::Vasogenic edema:}} Due to outpouring of protein-rich fluid through damaged vessels {{c2::Extra}}-cell...

TBI treatment Elimination of sedating medicines (class): {{c1::benzodiazepines::class}} {{c2::H-2 blockers::class}} {...